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%-{qHypothalamic-Pituitary Axis  Hypothalamus ~ releasing hormones (peptides) ~ release-inhibiting hormones (peptides) Pituitary AP ~ tropins (peptides & glycoproteins) PP ~neurohormones (peptides)Lg           ~t=The Importance of Phosphorylation State in Enzyme Regulation    Adding a PO4 group transforms a protein from an inactive to an active state - Kinases, phosphorylases Removing a PO4 group deactivates a protein - Phosphatases, dephosphorylases6 g?bN    /      u Importance of cAMP: e.g. Cholera    Cholera toxin inhibits hydrolysis of GTP (active state) to GDP (inactive state) & thus, cAMP is on CONTINUOUSLY Continuous elevation of cAMP causes net influx of Na+ & water into gut: -- severe diarrhea, dehydration, deathLW  +    < xnSecond messengers  cAMP ~ AC, PKA, Ca cGMP ~ GC, PKG, Ca DAG & IP3 ~ PLC, PKC (IP3+Cai+Caex) A Key feature: phosphorylation state of regulatory proteinsl.-n   (       vCalcium as a Signal  Very low Cai makes changes in it a strong signal Ca+2 binding proteins have very high affinity for calcium, binding of Ca+ changes their conformation,they become active, initiate signals (troponin C, calmodulin) 2nd messenger6 'L          wCholesterol as a Precursor   Mineralocorticoids ~ salt/water balance (aldosterone) Glucocorticoids ~ stress hormones (cortisol) (mobilization of a.a., f.a.; immune suppression) Reproductive hormones ~ estrogens, androgens (estradiol, testosterone)X        z xStress Syndrome  Acute Stress ~ sudden fright - fight or flight response Chronic Stress ~ prolonged stress (thermal, noise, etc) - deleterious (e.g. immunosuppression)    y Thyroid gland  `Response to low temp stress: TRH - TSH - TH (T3,T4) - Sensitizes tissues to epinephrine - Increases metabolic rate - TH+GH = affect development/maturation If plasma TH low& low metabolic rate, cretininism (dev), low resistance to infection Thyroid also regulates Calcium (PTH, Calcitonin)L     D    zGrowth Hormone  Low blood glucose -- GRH Exercise -- GIH (reduces GH, TSH, etc) GH: -increases blood glucose (gluconeogensis, blocks tissue glucose uptake,f.a. as energy source instead of glucose) - incr. cell proliferation, tissue growth - stimulates insulin release 6^  K  B { Insulin  Funnel   Facilitates delivery of  energy to cells in the form of glucose Insulin: - incr. cellular uptake of glucose (all tissues) - decr.glycogenolysis, incr.gluconeogenesis - incr. a.a. uptake & conversion to protein L  -          ' |Blood Glucose Regulation   Insulin secretion triggered by: High blood glucose, Glucagon, GH, GIP, Epinephrine, high blood a.a. --- lowers blood glucose Glucagon, GH secretion triggered by low blood glucose---elevate blood glucose Glucocorticoids triggered by stress--elevate blood glucoseR xC-L3   C  G  - }Calcium Regulation ~ Thryoid ~    High blood Ca2+ -- calcitonin - stops bone mineralization - stops Ca2+ reabsorption from renal tubules Low blood Ca2+ -- parathyroid hormone - incr bone mineralization - incr Ca2+ reabsorption from renal tubules - incr Ca2+ reabsorption from intestine (calcitrol)l 5-<*)          <                  ~Testosterone (Androgens)  GnRH - FSH, LH (gonadotropins) FSH - Sertoli cells ---spermatogenesis, inhibin LH - Leydig cells -- secrete testosterone Negative feeback at Hypo & AP by: testosterone & inhibin Testosterone: many targets & actions           '  &  % Estradiol (Estrogens)  GnRH - FSH, LH (gonadotropins) Ovarian follicles=thecal+granulosa cells LH - thecal cells --androgens(T) FSH - granulosa cells ---aromatase (T to E2 ) Negative feedback at Hypo & AP by E2 , Progesterone (P4), inhibin Estradiol: many targets & actionsZ&-                    G  # Ovarian Menstrual Cycle  ,Follicular Phase: 1) GnRH - FSH, LH FSH: follicles ~ develop LH: thecal cells ~ androgens (T) FSH: granulosa cells ~ aromatase (T to E2) 2) Hi E2 - LH/FSH surge - ovulation 3) corpus luteum formed fr. ruptured follicle Luteal phase:C.L. ~ P4, E2 suppr. GnRH w/o pregnancy, C.L. degenerates, menses-?7 J  5  (         9          ) Summary of Hormone Actions  Glucocorticoids ~ increase blood glucose TH ~ incr metabolism, generate heat Insulin/Glucagon ~ regulate blood glucose GH ~ actions similar to glucagon PTH (calcitrol)/Calcitonin ~ regulate blood calcium ADH ~ regulates Na/water balance   "  2         )   Insect Developmental Hormones  Neurohormones - prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) - eclosion - bursicon Endocrines- know these two: - juvenile hormone (modified f.a.) - ecdysone (steroid)HH 7n        7     $Patterns of Invertebrate Development % Hemi-metabolous (e.g. cricket) Egg - nymph (morphologically similar to adult)- instars (ecdysis occurs)-adult Holo-metabolous (e.g. butterfly) Egg - larva - instars (ecdysis) - pupa - adult ##    A               (Hormonal Control of Insect Metamorphosis ) Egg - larva - instar stages (ecydsis occurs) - High JH + ecdysone -- molting begins Growth via molting continues til JH low Low JH+ ecdysone --pupation (pupa stage= diapause/overwintering) No JH +ecdysone--pupa -- moth!        0              Mammalian Salivary glands  Apocrine glands Saliva ~ 99.5% water, ions, pH 5 - 8 Stress, dehydration, anticipation of food Saliva production & secretion under neural control (ANS) ~Receptor binding - 2nd mess - incr Cai2+-vesicles of saliva released @fB,    # `The  Cost of Glandular Secretion E.g. Lactation 1 Mammals Mother does not gain weight despite high food intake because& .. - lactation is energetically costly E.g. 75% of food intake goes into milk production, 25% left over to support the increased metabolism associated with lactation and mother s basal metabolism. 8 X   ` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> +#(    6* P   V Click to edit Master title style! !   0*    RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S   0# ``   Y*    0d) `    [*    0& `    [*  H  0޽h ? ̙33 $Blank Presentation   (  6      FW%`%`%`>B #߁r[            b   GE$߁ $݁ #_c0 $CGn!?ob@@@   %%%uhi$ ,q+o,p$J-      0767?+ + +    81 " #꺾ݮYEx. $$ $DACCBCC  $!$ $ $$$#¨ # ##$ $ $ $ R˄PIvmdFZѽ|+_^£V ~EiەiwU'[[Ns37w)fϘC,܎ JP Q8@3, GWdJ"A YTXHbX/$B6%ѓwo!$(xR,e++[Й|wi+[[սyhݭ{w붝8M`QY TP*,6_0@f%U<۲E.y1cOFr7H.k 8h|SB6TPc06QrRDb-_5ʯ-JҔZ;zw鮪J2X@ O%y.ɍU]ޮTI4׌>L,FK(RT [dirXL g)'1On#r˩Ҏ0H˃L9,ɂ{HkKtKk]]|m ]Ul ՜.+,D՜.+,L    'On-screen ShowoSumanas, Inc.onQ: TimesSymbolBlank PresentationHypothalamic-Pituitary Axis>The Importance of Phosphorylation State in Enzyme Regulation!Importance of cAMP: e.g. CholeraSecond messengersCalcium as a SignalCholesterol as a Precursor Stress SyndromeThyroid glandGrowth HormoneInsulin FunnelBlood Glucose RegulationCalcium Regulation ~ Thryoid ~Testosterone (Androgens)Estradiol (Estrogens)Ovarian Menstrual CycleSummary of Hormone ActionsInsect Developmental Hormones%Patterns of Invertebrate Development)Hormonal Control of Insect MetamorphosisMammalian Salivary glands1The Cost of Glandular Secretion E.g. 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